GERUND AND INFINITIFE,

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

Diajukan Sebagai Salah Satu Tugas Mata Kuliah Bahasa Inggris

Dosen: Asep Saepulmillah

Oleh:

Ari Nurul F.S

NIM : 01001089

PAI C

Tingkat/ Semester: II/ IV

SEKOLAH TINGGI AGAMA ISLAM TASIKMALAYA

2012

 

PENGERTIAN GERUND AND INFINITIVE

PENGERTIAN GERUND

Gerund adalah bentuk kata kerja -ing  ketika digunakan sebagai kata benda .

A) sebagai sejenis kata benda.  B) sebagai bagian kata kerja.

A) sebagai sejenis kata benda.

·         Gerund sebagai subjek

Learning foreign languages is hard work

Swimming is hobby

·         Gerund sebagai objek

Some people don’t like flying

He enjoys reading novel

I finish writing letter

·         Gerund sebagai propositional phrase

He is good at singing

Ths land is good for farming

·         Gerund sebagai complement

My father’s favourite sport is playing football

Her hobby is telling story

·         Gerund sebagai noun modifier

The waiting room is very large

The reading books are on the table

·         Gerund sebagai larangan

No smoking,

No parking,

No swimming.

B) sebagai bagian kata kerja.

Karena Gerund adalah bagian kata kerja, ia dapat menggunakan objek di belakangnya. Misalnya :

a) Objek langsung (dengan transitif) :

• · He is clever at teaching mathematics = Ia pandai dalam mengajarkan matematika.

b) Objek Tak Langsung (dengan transitif)

• · He is clever at teaching us mathematics = Ia pandai dalam mengajarkan matematika kepada kami.

c) Objek yang tetap dipertahankan dalam kalimat pasif (Retained object)

• · She is pleased at being taught mathematics = Ia senang sekali terhadap matematika yang diajarkan kepadanya.

d) Objek yang artinya mirip dengan kata kerja itu sendiri = cognate object (dengan intransitif)

• · She is proud of having sung a fine song = Ia bangga akan nyanyian merdu yang telah ia nyanyikan.

e) Objek refleksif (dengan intransitif)

• · She is in the habit of oversleeping herself = Kebiasaannya sendiri bangun kesiangan (tidur terlalu lama)

The Infinitive with to

after:	the first	Gagarin was the first to fly in a spaceship.
	the last	Peter was the last to watch the film.
	the next	He is the next to get his passport.

after:	adjectives	I’m happy to be here.
		It’s better not to smoke.

after:

certain verbs (agree, choose, forget, hope, learn, promise, regret, want, …)

I learn to drive a car.

after:	question words	I don’t know what to say.
		Can you tell me how to get to the bus stop?

after:

want/would like

I want you to help me.

verb + object + to-infinitive

I helped my dad to clean the car.

The Infinitive without to

after auxiliaries/modals

Can	He can run very fast.
could	As a boy he could run very fast.
May	I may fly to Africa this summer.
might	I might fly to Africa this summer.
must	I must go now.
mustn’t	You mustn’t smoke here.
needn’t	You needn’t go.
Shall	We shall sing a song.
should	We should sing a song.
Will	She will cook a meal for his birthday.
would	She would cook a meal for his birthday.

after to do

Do	I don’t know.

after the following expressions:

had better	You had better clean up your room.
would rather	Susan would rather study for her exam tomorrow.
would sooner	I would sooner read a book than watch this film.
why not	Why not ask your neighbour for help?
why should we	Why should we go by car?
why should we not	Why should we not go by car?

after verbs of perception + object (action has finished):

Feel	She feels the rain fall on her face.
Hear	I heard Peter sing a song.
notice	Mandy noticed the boy climb the tree.
See	They saw him climb up the roof.
watch	He watched the thieves steal a car.

after let + object:

Let	Sandy let her child go out alone.
	Mother let her daughter decide on her own.
let’s	Let’s go for a walk through the park.

after make + object:

make	She made Peggy and Samantha clean the room

Adverbial Clause

Adverb Clause terdiri dari dua kata yaitu “Adverb” and “Clause”

adverb adalah : kata keterangan yang menerangkan verb (kata kerja) dan adjective (kata sifat),

clause adalah : anak kalimat.

Jadi adverb clause adalah anak kalimat yang menerangkan kata sifat dan kata kerja dan berfungsi sebagai adverb.

Adverb clause adalah terdiri dari delapan macam: seperti: Adverb clause of time, Adverb clause of place, Adverb clause of number, Adverb clause of menner, adverb clause of reanson, adverb clause of result, adverb clause of condition, dan adverb clause of contrast.

Rumus umum dan contoh adverb clause.

Subject + predicet + conj + subject + predicet.

Tapi bisa saja conjuntion di awal sesuai dengan kalimatnya.

Contoh:

- I met her when + was walking to school.

- As he was sick, he went to she doctor.

- I can’t go out because my mother is sick.

Kinds of adverbial clauses time clauses common conjunctions :

when, before, after, since, while, as, as long as, until,till, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "when?"); hardly, scarcely, no sooner, etc.

Function :

These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event.

Example :

Her goldfish died when she was young.

Conditional clauses common conjunctions :

if, unless, lest

function :

These clauses are used to talk about a possible or counterfactual situation and its consequences.

Example :

If they lose weight during an illness, they soon regain it afterwards. purpose

Clauses common conjunctions :

in order to, so that, in order that

function :

These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action.

Example:

They had to take some of his land so that they could extend the churchyard reason

Clauses common conjunctions:

because, since, as, given

function:

These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something.

Example:

I couldn't feel anger against him because I liked him too much.

Result clauses common conjunctions:

so...that

function :

These clauses are used to indicate the result of something.

Example :

My suitcase had become so damaged on the journey home that the lid would not stay closed.

Concessive clauses

Common conjunctions:

although, though, while

function :

These clauses are used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising

Example :

I used to read a lot although I don't get much time for books now.

Place clauses

Common conjunctions:

where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "where?")

function :

These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something.

Example :

He said he was happy where he was.

Clauses of manner

Common conjunctions:

as, like, the way

function :

These clauses are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done.

Example :

I was never allowed to do things as I wanted to do them.